Medical dermatology is a branch of dermatology focused on diagnosing and treating diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. It deals with a wide range of conditions that affect the skin’s health.
Skin Disorders
Acne
Acne is a prevalent dermatological condition characterized by the overproduction of sebum, which, along with dead skin cells, clogs hair follicles, forming comedones (whiteheads and blackheads). These lesions can become infected by bacteria such as Cut bacterium acnes, leading to inflammation and the formation of erythematous papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts. While acne can affect individuals of all ages, it is most common during adolescence due to hormonal fluctuations.
- Hormonal Changes: Increased androgen levels during puberty stimulate sebum production.
- Genetics:A family history of acne increases susceptibility.
- External Factors: Use of comedogenic products and certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids) can exacerbate acne.
- Diet and Stress: I High-glycemic diets may worsen acne. Stress does not directly cause acne but can aggravate existing conditions.
- Oily Skin: Oily skin is caused by excessive sebum production.
Acne primarily affects sebaceous gland-rich areas such as the face, forehead, chest, upper back, and shoulders. Common lesions include:
- Closed Comedones (Whiteheads): Clogged follicles with closed openings.
- Open Comedones (Blackheads): Clogged follicles with oxidized surface debris.
- Papules: Small, red, tender bumps.
- Pustules:Papules with purulent material at the tip.
- Nodules: Large, solid, painful subcutaneous lesions.
- Cystic Lesions:Deep, painful, pus-filled nodules.
Treatment is individualized based on age, acne type, severity, and underlying causes, such as hormonal imbalances. Pregnant women have limited treatment options due to potential teratogenicity of certain medications.
- Retinoids (e.g., adapalene, tretinoin)
- Benzoyl peroxide
- Azelaic acid and salicylic acid
- Topical antibiotics (e.g., clindamycin, erythromycin)
- Antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline, minocycline)
- Hormonal therapies (e.g., oral contraceptives, anti-androgens)
- Isotretinoin (reserved for severe nodulocystic acne due to its significant side-effect profile).
- Laser
- Chemical peels
- Microdermabrasion
- Comedone extraction
- Intralesional steroid injections: for rapid resolution of nodulocystic lesions
Scarring is challenging to treat and may require combination therapies, such as chemical peels, subcision, mesotherapy, skin boosters. Early and effective treatment of acne is crucial to minimize scar formation.
Topical agents like benzoyl peroxide, adapalene, and tretinoin are effective and safe for pediatric patients, with a low risk of adverse effects.
While significant improvement may take several months, most cases of acne can be effectively managed with a combination of therapies tailored to the patient’s needs. Long-term maintenance is often required to prevent recurrence. Treatment should always be conducted under medical supervision to ensure safety and efficacy.
Rosacea
Rosacea is a common skin condition that causes blushing or flushing and visible blood vessels in your face. Many people with rosacea also develop pimples with pus on their face resembling acne. It can occur at any age but is most common in middle aged white women. The cause of rosacea is unknown, it could be due to an overactive immune system, heredity, environmental factors.
Rosacea has no cure. Treatment focuses on controlling the disease by combination of good skin care and prescription drugs. Laser therapy can make enlarged blood vessels less visible.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis causes scaly patches commonly over knees, elbows, trunk and scalp. It is a chronic disease with no cure. It tends to flare up on and off. It is thought to be an immune system problem that causes skin to grow faster than usual, this rapid turn over of skin cells causing dry, scaly patches in common type of plaque psoriasis. It has genetic predisposition and environmental factors may play a role. Psoriasis can flare up by certain medications, infections, cold weather, smoking and others. It is not contagious. There are several types of psoriasis and each vary in signs and symptoms. Psoriasis can affect finger and toe nails. Psoriasis can increase risk of developing other conditions such as psoriatic arthritis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Crohn's disease, celiac disease and others. Our doctor may recommend skin biopsy to determine the type of psoriasis and to rule out other disorders.
Treatment aims to stop disease progression. Depending upon how severe psoriasis you may be prescribed medicated creams, light therapy and oral or injectable medications. Biologic drugs which alter the immune system in a way to disrupt the disease cycle are increasingly being used in psoriasis which fails to respond to other treatment options. They must be used with caution as they carry risk of suppressing the immune system and increasing risks of infections. People taking these treatments must be screened for tuberculosis.
Alternative medicines, special diet, acupuncture, and herbal products applied to skin are tried by some people. Aloe extract cream, fish oil supplements and others may help in reducing itching and scaling.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis is a common condition that mainly affects scalp. Exact cause isn’t clear. It may be due to the yeast Malassezia, excess oil or a problem with immune system. It causes scaly patches, inflamed skin and dandruff. It usually affects the oily area of body such as face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears and chest. When it occurs in infants, it is called cradle cap.
It causes flaky skin(dandruff) on scalp, hair, eyebrows, beard or mustache. Patches of greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales or crusts may be seen on the scalp, face, chest or under breast. Condition can be irritating but is not contagious and doesn’t cause permanent hair loss. Signs and symptoms tend to flare up with stress, fatigue or a change in season.
For adolescents and adults treatment is medicated shampoos, creams and lotions. In severe cases our doctor might prescribe other medications that control inflammation.
If your child has cradle cap, wash scalp with a mild baby shampoo once a day. Gently loosen the scales with a cloth or an infant hairbrush before rinsing the shampoo. Cradle cap usually disappears in few weeks to months
Skin Allergies
Skin rashes can be red, itchy or painful, bumpy as well as dry. The main cause is dermatitis, which is when your skin reacts to an allergen or an irritant. Skin rashes can be caused by many things such as exposure to plants, medications or food. Eczema and hives are both related to allergies and are most common skin conditions. Atopic dermatitis causes red, dry, irritated itchy skin and can sometimes gets infected resulting in oozing of clear or yellowish fluid.
Eczema or Atopic dermatitis causes red,dry,irritated itchy skin and can sometimes gets infected resulting in oozing of clear or yellowish fluid. It is long standing skin condition commonly seen in young children and tends to flare up off and on. It is not contagious. People with atopic dermatitis are at risk of developing food allergies, hay fever, asthma and air borne allergies. Skin barrier function is weak, the skin is less able to retain moisture and protect against bacteria, irritants, allergens and environmental factors such as smoke. Weak skin barrier triggers immune system response causing inflamed skin and other symptoms. Having family members with eczema, asthma or hay fever increases your risk. They are prone to develop urticaria/hives, lichen simplex chronic us, post inflammatory hypopigmentation/hyperpigmentation, irritant hand dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, sleep problems and mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety.
Contact dermatitis is a reaction of skin when it comes in contact with an irritant or an allergen. Symptoms include rash, blisters. itching or burning. Soaps, laundry detergents. fabric softeners, shampoos all can cause contact dermatitis. Metals like nickel used in artificial jewelry, adhesives, topical medications, latex gloves can also cause contact dermatitis in sensitive people. Sometimes an allergen won’t cause skin reaction unless the skin is also exposed to sunlight causing photoallergic dermatitis can occur with some products such as sunscreens and perfumes. Patch testing is used to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis
Hives are red bumps which can occur anywhere on the body. Acute urticaria lasts for less than six weeks, if it goes beyond six weeks it is termed chronic urticaria. Acute urticaria is common due to exposure to allergen or an infection. Chronic urticaria cause is unknown.
Hidradenitis suppurativa
HS is a skin condition causing painful lumps deep in skin, usually develop in body fold like armpits, groins and inner thighs. They heal slowly, recur and can cause significant scarring. HS tens to start after ouverte usually before age 40.It can persist for many years and worsen over time. It can affect daily life and emotional well being. Combined medical and surgical therapy can help to manage the disease and prevent complications.
Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
It is necessary to sweat. It cools the body and prevents us from overheating. People with hyperhidrosis however, sweat when body does not need cooling. They can sweat from one or two areas of body, common being palms, feet, underarms or head. Patients may have blood relatives with hyperhidrosis. Certain nerves cause body to sweat. It is possible that these nerves overreact, causing excessive sweating. Common triggers include heat, anxiety, certain foods and beverages containing caffeine, hot sauce, alcohol, spices etc.
This type can happen in childhood or adolescence. It is not caused by underlying medical condition. One may sweat in one or few parts of body.
Hyperhidrosis, can be caused by underlying medical conditions such as certain medications, diabetes, gout, frostbite, menopause, hyperthyroidism, and others. This condition often leads to anxiety and embarrassment, interfering with daily activities and lowering self-confidence, especially in teenagers. Our doctors will work to identify any underlying causes of excessive sweating and recommend suitable treatment options. Non-invasive treatments include antiperspirants, iontophoresis (a "no sweat" machine), Botox injections, prescription medicated cloth wipes, and oral medications. If these options are ineffective, surgical interventions such as sweat gland removal or sympathectomy may be considered, though these procedures are permanent and carry risks. Additionally, newer technologies using electromagnetic energy can destroy sweat glands in one or two sessions, offering effective treatment for underarms where underlying fat provides protection, though these devices are not suitable for hands or feet. While newer treatments show promise, the long-term side effects remain unknown.
Skin Infections
Viral Infections
1) Warts
Warts are benign (not cancerous) skin growths caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).Virus can enter through cut or damage in skin. These are contagious and spread by contact. Some individuals are more susceptible to warts than others. Kids and adults with immune system disorder's are particularly prone to it. Warts are often skin colored and feel rough. They are common on hand and feet. They can be felt or filiform. They can develop under or around the finger and toe nails and can be uncomfortable. Warts can also be seen in genital area . With a healthy immune system wart can go away on its own. This can take long and in the meantime spread to other parts of body. To prevent it from spreading to other parts and to other people, you can cover your wart and wash hands after touch them .If wart is in the hairy area like beard/pubic area, they can spread by shaving.
Treatment of warts depend on age,location and health status of the patient.They are removed by electrosurgery and curettage, excision and cyrotherapy.Resistant warts can be treated with immunotherapy Interregional bleomycin or lasers. Our doctor at BW,is experienced and highly skilled in treating warts in kids/adults and those who don't respond to simple treatments. Removing warts in kids can be painful. In our centre we make sure kids have proper anaesthesia and try to make the procedure as painless as possible.Discuss with our doctor the best treatments options and how to prevent recurrance of warts.
If you or a family member has viral warts, follow these precautions to privet the spread of infection.
- Avoid touching warts
- Don't share personal items like towels,razors etc
- Clean and cover cuts
- wash hands often
- prevent dry, cracked skin
- Stop nail bittiing and cuticle chewing
- Wear flip flops at public places like pools.
There is no cure for viral warts. Warts can return at the same site or appear is new spot. Old warts can shed virus cells into the skin before the warts are being removed. This allows new wart to grow around the first one. To prevent this best way is to treat new wars as soon as they appear.
2) Molluscum Contagiosum
It is a fairly common infection caused by poxvirus. It spreads from person to person and contact with objects like towels, swimming pools contaminated with virus. Adults with healthy immune system can get MC on genitals, lower abdomen or inner thighs from sexual activity with an infected partner. It is most common in children over face, trunk, arms and can affect adults with weak immune system. It causes painless round, skin colored, firm bumps over skin. Bumps and skin around them can sometimes get inflamed. If scratched they can get infected.
MC usually gets better without treatment in 6 months to 2 years. Once they are gone person is no more infectious to others. It is possible to get reinfected. If lesions are spreading our doctor will discuss the treatment options like scraping,cryoptherapy and some topical medications.
Wash hands, avoid touching the bumps, don't share personal items and avoid sexual contact till bumps are treated and gone.
3) Chicken Pox
Chicken pox is highly contagious illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV).It spreads easily to people who haven’t has disease or have gotten the chicken pox vaccine. It causes itchy rash with small blisters. Rash appears 10 to 21 days after exposure to VZV and often lasts for 5 to 10 days. Fever, headache, loss of appetite, feeling of being unwell may appear 1 or 2 days before the rash. Rash appears as raised bumps called papules over few days followed by fluid filled blisters called vesicles which form in about one day and then break and leak healing with crusts and scabs in few more days. You can spread virus 48 hours before the rash appears until all broken blisters have crusted. It can spread by direct contact with the rash or when infected person coughs and sneezes and you breathe in the air droplets. It is important to mention to our doctor if you live with people who have never had chicken pox or gotten the vaccine or someone is pregnant in your household or someone is on medications which affect the immune system.
Chickenpox often needs no medical treatment. People who are at high risk of complications may be treated with antiviral medications.
If you have had chicken pox. you are at risk of a complication called shingles. The VZV virus stays in your nerve cells after the chicken pox rash goes away. Many years later the virus can come back especially in older adults and people with weak immune system and cause shingles, a painful cluster of blisters. The pain may persist after the blisters go away, and can be serious called postherpetic neuralgia.
Vaccine is offered to people 50 years or older. Also to people 19 years or older with weak immune system due to disease or treatments. It is also recommended if you already had shingles. Talk to our doctor before you get vaccinated.
4) Herpes Zoster/Genital herpes
Genital herpes is common STI caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV).There are two types of HSV namely HSV-1 and HAV-2.HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital herpes and HSV-1 causes cold sores or fever blisters. A person having HSV-1 of mouth can pass it to genitals of a sexual partner during oral sex. Some people may have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Others may have pain, itching, blisters, sores, ulcers around genitals, anus or mouth. First out break may have flu like symptoms like fever, headache, body ache or swollen lymph nodes. Infection can also spread by touching the area to finger causing herpetic whitlow or to eye. After first episode, symptoms can recur called recurrent outbreaks. They are less severe than first episode and don't last as long. Neither HSV1 nor HSV 2 survive at room temperature so virus is unlikely to spread through surfaces like faucet handles or towels, toilet seats, however it may spread by kissing or sharing a drinking glass. A baby can get HSV during delivery. Less often virus is passed during pregnancy or by close contact after delivery. Newborns with HSV can develop infection of nervous system or internal organs. If you are pregnant and have genital herpes, tell your doctor. There is no cure for genital herpes. Doctor will prescribe anti viral medications like acyclovir to limit the number of outbreaks.
Bacterial Infections
1) Furuncle/Boils
A boil is an infection of the skin that usually starts around a hair follicle. It can have white or yellow pus in the center and may be itchy or painful. It is usually caused by bacteria staphylococcus aureus. Boil occurs when bacterial enters through broken skin. Treatment is with antibiotics. Sometimes the boil may get bigger and and painful forming an abscess. Our doctor might drain the pus from the boil.
2) Cellulitis
Cellulitis is a common and potentially serious infection caused by bacteria. The bacteria infect the deep layers of skin and tissue beneath the skin. The first sign of cellulitis is usually red and swollen skin. When you touch the infected area, it often feels warm and tender. This infection can show up anywhere on the skin. Adults often get it in a lower leg. In children, cellulitis tends to appear on the face or neck. Cellulitis of lower leg causes redness and swelling which may cover the entire area. You could have stasis dermatitis or contact dermatitis. If you think you have cellulitis, you should get immediate medical care. Caught early and treated by antibiotics, cellulitis usually clears completely without causing any long-term problems. After starting treatment for cellulitis, you should notice improvement in 24 to 48 hours. If you don’t, call your doctor’s office. Severe cellulitis may require you to be treated in a hospital.
Fungal Infections
1) Tinea versicolor
Tinea versicolor is a common fungal infection of the skin seem most frequently in teens and young adults. The fungus that causes tinea versicolor can be found on healthy skin. It only starts causing problems when the fungus overgrows. Hot humid weather, oilskin, hormonal changes and weakened immune system can trigger this overgrowth. It presents as scaly patches of discoloration usually on the back, chest, neck and upper arms which may appear lighter or darker than usual.
Antifungal creams, lotions and shampoos can hep treat tinea versicolor. Skin color may take several weeks to months to return to normal. It often recurs in warm, humid weather.
Vaccine is offered to people 50 years or older. Also to people 19 years or older with weak immune system due to disease or treatments. It is also recommended if you already had shingles. Talk to our doctor before you get vaccinated.
2) Tinea Capitis
This is a fungal infection, commonly seen in children. It causes patchy hair loss over scalp and area may be itchy, red, scaly and oozing pus. Diagnosis can be confirmed by examining hair under microscope. If treated early, it responds well to treatment and complete hair regrowth is possible.
3) Tinea Corporis (Ring worm)
Tinea corporis, commonly known as ringworm, is a superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by dermatophytes such as Trichophyton, Microspore, or Epidermophyton species. It appears as red, scaly, ring-shaped patches with raised edges, often accompanied by itching, and may occur on any part of the body except the scalp, palms, soles, and groin. The infection spreads through direct contact with an infected person, animal, or contaminated objects and is more common in warm, humid climates or settings involving close contact, such as sports or shared facilities. Diagnosis is usually clinical but can be confirmed with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test or fungal culture. Treatment involves topical antifungal creams like clotrimazole or terbinafine for mild cases, while more severe or widespread infections may require oral antifungal medications such as terbinafine or itraconazole. Prevention includes maintaining good hygiene, keeping the skin dry, and avoiding shared personal items. Proper treatment is essential to prevent the infection from spreading or recurring.
Pigment Disorders
1) Melasma
For melasma, stronger and deeper chemical peels such as Derma Melan, Cos Melan, Mela deep, and similar options are highly effective when followed by a tailored home-care regimen. These treatments significantly improve uneven skin tone, freckles, and sun damage while reducing pore size and regulating oil secretion. They leave the skin radiant and minimize pigmentation by up to 80% when combined with strict sun protection. Chemical peels are among the most effective skin-lightening treatments. Before initiating the procedure, our doctor will assess your skin to rule out any contraindications.
Patients should avoid using skincare products, waxing, tanning, fillers, or Botox for at least one week before treatment. Treatments should be scheduled well in advance, especially if a significant event like a wedding or social gathering is upcoming.
Following post-treatment instructions is critical for achieving optimal results.
- Day 1: The skin may appear red.
- Day 2: Peeling starts around the mouth, eyes, and nose. Sunspots may appear darker. Keep the skin hydrated using post-care cream and avoid peeling the skin manually.
- Day 3: Peeling continues, and the skin may feel tight. Apply hydrating cream several times daily, avoid sun exposure, and use a sunblock and protective clothing.
- Day 4: Most of the peeling is complete. Continue using after-care products, including gentle cleansers and moisturizers.
- Day 7: Skin may remain sensitive for a few more days. Continue with the same skincare routine. Avoid sun exposure for at least two weeks.
A follow-up visit will be scheduled to assess your progress and begin your personalized home-care regimen to maintain results.
2) Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a disease that causes areas of skin to lose color resulting in white patches and spots. It could be localized vitiligo or generalized vitiligo. Universal vitiligo is rare, patients loses color in most of their skin. In vitiligo patches may remain same size or grow larger, new patches may develop.
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease meaning your immune system is attacking healthy cells. Melanocytes are the cells that give skin color. In vitiligo you immune system is attacking these pigment making cells resulting is loss of color.
- If blood relatives have vitiligo.
- Blood relatives have certain other autoimmune diseases like the one affects the thyroid or type of hair loss (alopecia areata)
- History of melanoma or non hodgkin lymphoma.
- Treatment of melonoma with immunotherpay.
Vitiligo also appears more often in people who have moles called halo nevi. This mole has a white ring around it. There is no way to predict how much color someone's skin will lose or who will have patches that get larger or where new patches may appear. Our doctor will examine your skin and let you know if you have vitiligo or another medical condition that can cause skin lightening like tinea versicolor. When in doubt doctor will use wood's lamp to clearly see vitiligo. Vitiligo usually begins on face, arms, hand and feet. Some people lose color in mucous membranes like nose, mouth and the genitals' can affect hair and cause white or pre mature grey hair. Scalp, eyebrow and eyelashes can turn white. Melanocytes are also present in inner ear. If melanocytes in inner ear are attacked, it can cause hearing loss. Similarly eye color can change. While rare, it can affect the eyesight.
- Non segemtal Vitiligo: patches tend to develop on both sides of body and grow slowly with new patches developing on and off throughout person's life.
- Segmental/unilateral Vitiligo: it tends to develop rapidly,with color loss involving one side of body.After 6-12 months,it stabilizes.Once it stops, most people will not develop new patches
- Mixed Vitiligo: rare tpe.Patient develops both segmental vitiligo and color loss beyond the segmental vitiligo.
There is no Cure for vitiligo.
Treatment is directed at restoring the lost skin color and reduce spread to other areas. No one treatment works for everyone. Our doctor will tell you what options would likely work best for you. The sooner you start the treatment, the more effective it tends to be. Left untreated for years, vitiligo may be difficult to treat. If you decide to treat vitiligo, it is important to know that treatment works slowly. Prescription medications used to treat vitiligo are
- Corticosteroids - works best for recent onset vitiligo.When use short term it is often effective for both children and adults
- Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus - they can used long term than steroids.
- Calcipoteriene - not effective alone but in combination with steroids can be effective.
- JAK inhibitor - this is newer medication.Ruxolitnib cream approved for people 12 years of age and above to treat small areas.
- Light Therapy - to restore color in large areas light therapy (UV) called phototherapy may be prescribed.It is most effective for face and neck.Lips,tips of fingers and toes are least responsive.
- Laser Therapy
If vitiligo is active and spreading fast our doctor might arrest the spread by oral medications like prednisone. Maintenance treatments are often required to keep the treatment result. When medication is used along with self care ,many patients keep the color that treatment added to their skin.
- i) Skin graft - pigmemented skin is removed and transplated to one or more areas of vitiligo.
- ii) Cell transplant - Instead of grafting the skin, cells are taken from the skin then placed on vitiligo areas.Re pigmentation can occur form 6 - 12 months. Surgery is not recommneded when vitilogi is active which means in the last 12 months new patches have appeared or existing spots have grown.Also people with tendency for hypertrophic scars or keloids should avoid surgery.
This is for people who have lost most of their natural skin color. It removes the remaining skin color giving skin an even tone. Our doctor will discuss with you the pros and cons of depigmentation This treatment is considered permanent.
- A vitiligo diagnosis can be overwhelming.Although there is no cure,following these tips will make vitiligo less visible and prevent it from spreading.
- Protect your skin from sun - as skin loses color,it tends to sunburn easily.A badsunburn can worsen vitiligo.Seek shade,wear protective clothing,use sunscreen everyday when you are outside. A broad spectrum sunscreen, water resistant and SPF 30 or higher.
- Never use a tanning bed or sun lamp.
- Avoid cuts,burns and scrapes as skin injury can trigger new patches.
To add color to skin, consider use of camouflage makeup. Use water proof product, self tanners/skin dyes last longer than makeup. Choose self tanner with dihydroxyacetone. Children with vitiligo feel anxious. Children feel happier and more comfortable by use of camouflage. Choosing right product is essential. Choose a product which is water proof, non comedogenic, non allergenic and will last throughout the day.
Support your immune system with healthy lifestyle by reducing your stress, eat a balanced and nutritious diet. Take care of your mental health. If your feel self conscious or depressed, discuss with our doctor. Learn about vitiligo and connect with others who have vitiligo. The emotional aspects of having vitiligo are often over looked, but they are real. Many people say with support they feel less lonely, stressed or depressed. If you decide not to treat vitiligo, it is still important to see a dermatologist. Vitiligo is a medical condition, not just a cosmetic concern. Having vitiligo increases the risk of developing some other diseases like thyroid disease.
Skin Growth
Benign skin growths are common, and most of them do not require any type of medical treatment. An important intervention when it comes to benign skin growths is to know the common signs and symptoms of those that may be cancerous and to seek medical care when skin growths look suspicious. Skin biopsy is helpful to diagnosis.
1) Cysts
Epidermal inclusions are flesh-colored, firm nodules with a small dome-shaped projection in the middle, called a punctum. The punctum is the opening of a hair follicle (which is where they arise from).Cysts can get very large and become disfiguring. They can also be multiple. if the cyst becomes infected, it will hurt and be filled with pus. This will require incision and drainage.
A ruptured cyst may involve pain and inflammation and may need to be incised and drained. Other treatments may include corticosteroids (for inflammation) and antibiotics (for infections). Once the inflammation subsides, excision is usually the mode of treatment.
2) Skin tags
Skin tags are seen more frequently and numerous in number if you have too much insulin or type 2 diabetes. These growth are common on the eyelids, neck, armpit and groins. Our team of doctors will examine you and do blood tests. Once blood sugar is controlled most of the skin issues will resolve. It is important to get immediate medical care if you have infections, open sores or wounds. If you have frequent skin infections, you could have undiagnosed diabetes. Get tested for diabetes today if you have any warning sign.
3) Actinic Keratosis
These are precancerous skin growths and are common because many people seldom protect their skin from the sun with sunscreen, clothing, and shade. Without sun protection, the sun’s harmful rays can damage your skin. While your body may repair some of this damage, the sun’s rays continue to damage unprotected skin. Over the years, this damage builds up and can cause precancerous changes to your skin. Actinic keratosis often appears as a reddish spot that develops on sun exposed skin. People who use (or have used) tanning beds, sunlamps, or both also get AKs. AKs tend to appear often on the face, ears, balding scalp, hands, neck, or lips. These areas tend to get the most sun. When an AK forms on a lip, the medical name for this precancerous growth is actinic cheilitis. Some AKs and actinic cheilitis turn into a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma. Paying attention to your skin can help you find a precancerous growth. This is especially important if you’ve spent a lot of time outdoors without protecting your skin from the sun or used tanning beds.
4) Seborrheic keratoses
Seborrheic keratosis is a common skin growth. It may seem worrisome because it can look like a wart, pre-cancerous skin growth (actinic keratosis), or skin cancer. Despite their appearance, seborrheic keratoses are harmless. Most people get these growths when they are middle aged or older. Some growths may have a warty surface. Seborrheic keratoses range in color from white to black; however, most are tan or brown. You can find these harmless growths on chest, back, head, or neck. Seborrheic keratoses are not contagious.
5) Corns & Callosites
Corns and callosities are common dermatological conditions characterized by thickened areas of skin that develop as a protective response to repeated friction, pressure, or irritation. Corns are small, localized, and often appear on the toes or sides of the feet, featuring a central core that may cause pain when pressed. They are typically caused by ill-fitting shoes, foot deformities, or repetitive activities. Callosities, on the other hand, are larger, diffuse areas of thickened skin, commonly found on the soles of the feet or palms. They are usually painless but can cause discomfort, especially if deep cracks or fissures form. Treatment focuses on reducing friction through properly fitting footwear, protective padding, and moisturizing the skin to prevent cracking. Over-the-counter salicylic acid or gentle filing can help soften and reduce thickened skin. In severe cases, debridement by a healthcare professional or addressing underlying issues such as foot deformities may be necessary. Preventive measures include wearing comfortable shoes, using protective gear during repetitive tasks, and maintaining good skin care. If corns or callosities become painful, recurrent, or infected, medical evaluation is essential.
These above conditions from 2-5 can be treated by cryotherapy, electrocautery , or curettage .
Skin Cancers
1) Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
This is the most common type of skin cancer. The skin cells called basal cells become cancerous. Frequently seen in fair skin people. It appears as flesh coloured to pinkish growth on head, neck and arms.It can occur in other areas too. Usually develop after years of frequent sun exposure or indoor tanning. Early diagnosis and treatment are important. It grows deep and can penetrate nerves and bones and cause disfigurement.
2) Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
SCC is the second most common skin cancer. Often looks like a red, firm bump, scaly patch, or a sore heals and then re-opens. More common in fair skin and those who get frequent sun exposure. It can develop over face, rim of ears, neck, chest and back. It can develop from pre cancerous lesions such as actinic keratosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are important as it grows deep, spreading to other areas of the body.
3) Melanoma
It is the most deadliest skin cancer because of its tendency to spread.Frequently develops in a mole or suddenly appears as a new dark spot on the skin that looks diffrent from rest.Knowing ABCDE warning signs of melanoma can help in early diagnosis and treatment which are crucial.
Asymmetry: The definition of asymmetry is when something is not uniformly shaped. Symmetrically round moles are usually noncancerous or benign; those that are asymmetrical are often melanomas.
Border: Melanoma often involves an irregular-shaped mole with borders that are not well defined; comparatively, a noncancerous mole has smooth, well-defined borders.
Color: Melanoma lesions often have more than one shade or color; noncancerous moles are usually one solid color.
Diameter: The size of a normal mole is typically 6 millimeters (mm; 0.24 inches) or less in diameter; a melanoma is usually larger than 6 mm in size.
Evolution: Melanoma often changes in size, shape, and color; benign moles don’t usually change over time.
Changing Moles: If you notice a change in a mole over time, or you notice any of the other signs of the ABCDEs of melanoma, consult our dermatologist for a check up as soon as possible.
4) Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL)
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a group of rare cancers. Some types grow slowly and stay in the skin. Less frequently, the cancer spreads from the skin to the blood or a lymph node. Dermatologists often work closely with oncologists (doctors who treat cancer) and other specialists to care for patients. It may present as red or dark patches. Diagnosis is confirmed by skin biopsy. If treated early many patients can achieve complete remission.
Skin Scars
1) Acne scars
Acne scars are a common consequence of severe or persistent acne, resulting from the skin's natural healing process after inflammation caused by acne lesions. These scars form when the skin's underlying structure is damaged, leading to irregular healing and tissue remodeling. Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit that can lead to permanent scarring, leaving the face disfigured and negatively impacting one’s quality of life. Acne-related scarring has been associated with higher rates of mental distress making the treatment of acne scars a priority for clinicians. Treatment options for acne scarring vary based on depth and extent of involvement and can include laser resurfacing, microneedling, chemical peel , dermal fillers, subcision, and punch excision, among others. Laser treatment for acne scars helps to minimize the appearance of scars. Laser light breaks up the scar tissue and also stimulates cells to produce new collagen. Multiple sessions will be needed depending upon the severity. Consult our dermatologist to know if you are a good candidate for laser treatment.
2) Hypertrophic/Kelidol Scars
These are raised scars.Unlike hypertrophic scars,keloids growmuch larger than the wound that caused the scar.Darker skin tone people are more at risk of developing scars.Some people inherit genes that make them more prone to get keloids.They tend to grow slowly for months to years.They don't fade away with time.Their shape and size vary depending on the body site they appear.Keloids don't turn into cancers. Different treatment options are available like injecting steroids into the scar tissue,freezing with liquid nitrogen . Combination treatments are generally used to treat scars.Our doctor is an expert and will discuss with you treatment options after examining your skin.
3) Burn Scars
Burn scars are a result of the skin's healing process after a burn injury, where the severity depends on the depth and extent of the burn and how it was treated. These scars can vary from superficial discolorations caused by minor burns to more severe forms like hypertrophic scars, which are thick and raised but remain within the burn area, or keloid scars, which grow beyond the original wound boundaries. Contracture scars, common with deep burns, tighten the skin and may restrict movement, particularly near joints. Treatment options include silicone gels, pressure therapy, laser treatments , microneedling , and corticosteroid injections to reduce scar thickness and improve texture. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as scar revision or contracture release may be necessary to restore mobility. Preventive measures, such as proper wound care, early use of pressure garments, and sun protection, are essential for minimizing scar development. Regular follow-ups with a dermatologist or burn specialist ensure effective management and optimal recovery.
4) Stretchmarks
It is a type of scar that develops when skin stretches or shrinks quickly. This abrupt change causes collagen and elastin to rupture. Stretchmarks are pink, red reddish brown depending on your skin color. Anyone can have stretchmarks but likelihood increases in pregnancy, obesity, family history, use of steroids and in certain genetic disorder's like Cushing syndrome. Fluctuating hormone levels seem to play a role. Our doctor will examine your skin and review your medical history to identify the reason. A combination of treatments may be more effective in reducing these marks. Topical creams, lasers, chemical peels, microdrmabrasion and radiofrequency promotes growth of new collagen and reduce the appearance of stretchmarks.
Around Eyes
1) Dark Circles
Skin under the eyes appear darker. They usually aren't a sign of medical problem. Genetics, ageing, fatigue, lack of sleep, rubbing eyes, lifestyle factors like smoking can all cause dark circles. Dark circles make make you look tired or older. Hollowed areas under eyes called tear troughs cause shadows that increase the darkness. Treatment of dark circles is for cosmetic concern and range from topical creams, peels, fillers and PRP. Getting good sleep, reducing stress and making life style changes will also help in achieving result and maintaining it.
2) Syringomas
Syringomas are harmless sweat gland tumors, often clustered on the eyelids. They are yellowish, firm rounded bumps. They can appear abruptly, more common in women. They are treated for cosmetic concern often by electrocautery or laser. They can be minimized but may not go away completely and can recur.
3) Xanthemesma
Xanthelasma is a harmless yellow bump on or near eyelids next to your nose. Cholesterol deposits build up under skin to form xanthalesma.It could be a sign of high cholesterol, diabetes or thyroid problem. It could be a risk factor for heart diseases, heart attack, high cholesterol. Half of people with xanthlasma have high cholesterol which can be tested by a blood test, besides checking thyroid function. Blood sugar and liver function.
Xanthelasma doesn't go away on its own. They can be treated by cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen). Other options are surgery, chemical peels and lasers. They often come back especially if high cholesterol is not controlled. Lifestyle modification will prevent development of xanthlasma and chronic diseases associated with it.
Skin and Internal Disease
1) Skin and hormonal imbalance
Hormonal imbalance may cause symptoms from fatigue to weight gain to skin/hair issues. Hormones are produced by glands and released into bloodstream. An imbalance occurs when there is too much or too little of a hormone. Hormones are very important for regulating body temperature, mood, appetite, metabolism, sleep cycle, reproductive cycle and sexual function. A slight change in hormone can effect overall heath and wellbeing. Mood swings, heavy or no periods, poor quality sleep, unexplained weight gain, loss of libido, infertility and skin problems can all be manifestations of underlying hormone imbalance.
Skin issue like adult onset acne can be due to low estrogen and progesterone and high androgens and can indicate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Similarly hormone imbalance during pregnancy and menopause can cause several skin issues.
PCOS can affect your periods, Fer hormones. It can also affect long term health if not addressed on time. Symptoms usually include irregular periods or no periods at all, infertility, weight gain or difficulty in losing weight. Hormonal imbalance may also cause oily skin, acne, loss of hair on head, excessive hair growth over face and/or body. Some may experience depression or psychological problems. Symptoms vary from person to person with some being asymptomatic and others have mild to severe symptoms. Cause of PCOS is unknown, it can run in families. Symptoms are related to hormones insulin and testosterone. Insulin controls blood sugar. In PCOS body may not respond to insulin effectively and result in high glucose levels. This is termed Insulin Resistance. Body reacts to this high glucose level by producing more insulin. This high level of insulin can cause weight gain, irregular periods, infertility, acanthosis nigricans, and high levels of testosterone. Testosterone is produced by all women in small amounts but in PCOS levels may be much higher causing many symptoms such as oily skin, acne, loss of hair on head, excessive hair growth over face and/or body. PCOS can be difficult to diagnose. Our doctor will examine you, get some blood tests done and also an ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis of PCOS. If left untreated it will predispose women to risk of insulin resistance and diabetes (up to 20% of women with PCOS can develop diabetes), high blood pressure, womb cancer, depression and mood swings.
While there is no cure for PCOS, we at BMWC, work as a team to reduce the long-term health impact of PCOS by using a comprehensive approach, which can involve use of medications and life style changes to manage optimal weight by following healthy balanced diet with low glycemic index, reduced sugar, salt, caffeine and regular exercises.
Birth control is any medicine, device or method used to prevent pregnancy and can include pills, intrauterine device (IUD),vasectomy and condoms. If you are sexually active and don't want a baby, use birth control. A pregnancy can happen anytime you have unprotected sex. Birth control only works if used correctly. Birth control only works if used correctly and consistently. You and your partner can make decision after discussing with our doctor. A birth control should be easy to use, effective against preventing pregnancy and STIs Your doctor at BW, will you give you options based on your age, over all health condition and plans for pregnancy. The most effective form of birth control is to not have sexual intercourse (abstinence).This might be difficult so it is important to have a backup plan. Doubling up birth control is typically the best like using a condom and a birth control pill. This protects against STIs using a barrier (condom) and being on hormonal pill at the same time. Some birth controls are more convenient and don't need much maintenance such as birth control implant, IUDs and sterilization. Hormonal medications are short acting so require daily use, implants are inserted into arm or uterus and are long acting. Sterilization is surgery to prevent pregnancy. There are male and female sterilization methods ( removing fallopian tubes, tubal ligation and vasectomy).Fertility awareness ( calendar method, cervical mucus method, basal body temperature) is natural family planning but is least effective. Emergency contraception provides protection if your birth control method fails. This is the last safety net in preventing pregnancy. It is effective if used within 5 days preferably within 3 days. You can immediately get in touch with your doctor at BW if you are concerned about failure of birth control to discuss the best emergency contraception option for you.
iii) Menopause
Menopause marks end of menstrual cycle. It can happen in 40s or 50s but averages age is 51, diagnosed when you have gone without a menstrual cycle for 12 months. Estrogen and progesterone production drops and a big drop in estrogen causes most of the menopausal symptoms. It is a natural event and a significant phase which all women go through. It can be accompanied by disturbing changes in the body varying form person to person. The hormonal shift can cause physical and emotional changes including hot flushes, night sweats, mood swings. sleep disturbance, weight gain and vaignal dryness. Our knowledgeable team of experts at BW, are committed to helping you understand the changes within your body and offering you personalized guidance to ensure your overall wellbeing.
Perimenopause is the time just before the menopause. Often the first sign is irregularity of cycles and mood swings. Then follows the menopause which marked by no menstrual period for one year. The years following the menopause is the post menopause stage. Many previous symptoms will improve but women needs to be aware of bone (osteoporosis) and heart health. Menopause symptoms can have significant effect on a women's life both at wok and home. There are many lifestyle, complementary, medical and alternative options available at BW.
Hot flushes/night sweats most commonly reported by women and may last for couple of years. Hot flush last for 3-5 minutes , can cause sleep disturbance and insomnia. Management includes lifestyle changes, alternative treatments, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and other medications.
Reducing consumption of alcohol and caffeine, maintaining optimal weight, avoiding spicy food, wearing loose cotton clothing and keeping the room temperature low are some helpful tip to reduce discomfort of hot flushes. If these tips are not very helpful medical and alternative treatments will be discussed by our team.
Changing levels of estrogens also affect other hormones like the ones which regulate mood and emotions. Irritability, anxiety, forgetfulness and others may be related to hormonal imbalance or also due to sleep disturbance caused by night sweats. Your lifestyle may also be contributing to these symptoms like stress.
Low levels of estrogen and testosterone cause vaginal dryness resulting in sexual discomfort. Vaginal moisturizers and lubricants will rehydrate vaginal skin and reduce the discomfort. Local hormone therapy will improve vaginal skin by thickening the walls, improving the elasticity and lubrication.
Some may also notice other symptoms such as increase in urination, urine infections, leakage of urine and others. These symptoms can be distressing and further contribute to stress if not addressed on time. The impact of menopause is unique to each woman. Our team of experts will create a personalized plan based on your symptoms, general health and lifestyle for you to cope with this transition period and also order some tests to make sure you stay heathy.
Vaginal atrophy/atrophic vaginitis/ vaginal dryness/vulvovaginal atrophy and genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) are terms used for thinning of vaginal tissue, reduction of elastic tissue and also reduction of vaginal fluids due to estrogen deficiency.
Vaginal tissue is very delicate. Glands near the cervix produce a lubricating fluid to keep vagina moist. This fluid also helps in keeping vagina clean and removing dead cells, it is acidic and prevents infections such as thrush. In post-menopausal women vaginal dryness is common up to 60% may suffer. Also, women with breast cancer, breast feeding mothers, women who had hysterectomy or chemotherapy may experience vaginal dryness. Use of chemicals in hygiene products and washing powders may also cause dryness.
Vaginal dryness can cause many uncomfortable symptoms like burning, painful sex, change in vaginal discharge, genital itching, burning with urination, frequent urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence.
Treatment involves life style changes. Use of vaginal lubricants and moisturizers. Pelvic floor exercises. Avoid perfumed soaps. You can discuss hormone treatment topical or systemic with our doctor. Laser treatments are being studied and preliminary results are encouraging.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
For some with severe symptoms hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be needed. Benefits and risks of HRT will be discussed. For most women benefits outweigh the risks associated with HR. Apart from helping with night sweats, hot flushes, mood swings and bladder symptoms has significant effect on bone health, increasing the bone density. Before prescribing HRT, our team will take a detailed account of your personal and family health history. There are no scientific data that’s shows an increased risk of cervicovaginal and vulval cancer with HRT. Continuous combined HRT appears to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. The risk of breast cancer does not appear to increase within the first 5 years of HRT use, and if present is no greater than 1 extra case per 1000 women per year. Risk of Avarian cancer remains controversial but if present is no more than 1 extra case per 500 women per year. HRT may be associated with an increased risk of developing clot. Transdermal HRT avoid stimulating clotting factors.
When HRT is used, a combined treatment is often recommended consisting of estrogen and progesterone. In women with uterus, this progesterone protects the uterine line from excessive stimulation by estrogen. Progesterone can be cyclical or continuous (no bleed HRT). Testosterone can be added to improve libido. There are various types and delivery methods which will be discussed by our doctor.
Estrogen can cause bloating, breast tenderness, nausea, headache. Progesterone can cause fluid retention, weight gain, fatigue, breast discomfort and others. Progesterone seems to be the most common cause of side effects and using it as vaginal pessary instead of taking orally, can reduce side effects significantly.
HRT is for women below the age of 60 years. It is also used for women with premature ovarian failure or early menopause.
Some contraindications are undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, active or recent blood clot or heart attack, suspected or active breast or endometrial cancer and active liver disease with abnormal liver function test.
HRT helps to restore hormonal balance and alleviates the symptoms and promotes over all wellbeing in women who are having difficulty in coping with these distressing symptoms.
Osteoporosis (porous bones)
Menopausal women are at risk of bone thinning disease osteoporosis due to low levels of estrogen hormone. It is a painful and debilating disease. Bones become fragile and break easily. It can occur in any part of the body commonly affecting wrist, hips and spine. Spinal fracture can cause loss of height and curvature of the spine. From 40s onwards our bones gradually lose density but following menopause this tends to be faster. Women who had early menopause, family history of osteoporosis, smokers, previous impact fracture or on steroid therapy are particularly at more risk.
As osteoporosis causes no symptoms, usually it is not until a bone is broken diagnosed. EXA scan measures bone density. Osteopenia is bone density lower than average normal but not low enough to be called osteoporosis. The lower the bone density, higher the risk of bone fracture. With Dexa scan it is now possible to detect osteoporosis before a bone is broken. It is also useful to monitor the response to treatment. It is quick and simple procedure. Our experts will discuss the result of your scan and also determine your calcium and vitamin D which are essential for maintaining bone health.
Osteoporosis once diagnosed is treated with specific medications like bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and HRT if you have other acute symptoms of menopause.
Skin & Diabetes
Diabetes can affect skin and it is a sign your blood sugar levels are high. Most skin conditions are harmless but even a minor one can become serious in patients with diabetes. Skin warning signs are:
i) Necrobiosis Lipoidica: presents as raised bumps which turn into red, yellow patches of hard skin. Surrounding skin is shiny. It is itchy and can be painful.
ii) Acanthosis Nigricans: is dark velvety skin on the back of your neck, armpits, grions or elsewhere. It is often a sign of prediabetes indicating high insulin levels.
iii) Digital sclerosis: develops over fingers, toes or both. Finger become stiff with tight waxy skin on backs of your hands. It can spread to other areas if diabetes has been poorly controlled for long.
iv) Diabetic bullae: are blisters are rare but people with diabetes can suddenly develop blisters over hands, feet, legs. Unlike burns these are not painful.
v) Skin infections: can occur on any area of body including between toes, around nails and on scalp. Frequent yeast infections are seen in people with prediabetes or uncontrolled diabetes.
vi) Diabetic ulcers: can develop if blood sugar us high for long time. It damages nerves and causes poor circulation and makes it difficult for wounds to heal, especially on feet resulting in ulcers.
vii) Diabetic dermopathy: usually seen on shins as brown spots or lines that create depression.
viii) Eruptive xanthomatosis: are yellowish color bumps usually over buttocks, thighs, elbows, back of knees or elsewhere. They appear suddenly and clear away once diabetes is well controlled.
ix) Granuloma annulare: may be seen in patients with diabetes. It causes red, or skin coloued bumps and patches.
x) Dry, itchy skin is seen in patients with high blood sugar and skin infections contribute to dry,itchy skin
xi) Xanthelasma seen in patients with high fat levels in blood but can also be a sign of poorly controlled diabetes.
xii) Skin tags: are seen more frequently and numerous in number if you have too much insulin or type 2 diabetes. These growth are common on the eyelids, neck, armpit and grions.
Our team of doctors will examine you and do blood tests. Once blood sugar is controlled most of the skin issues will resolve. It is important to get immediate medical care if you have infections, open sores or wounds. If you have frequent skin infections, you could have undiagnosed diabetes. Get tested for diabetes today if you have any warning sign.
Skin and kidney diseases
If you have kidney disease which is progressive you may notice some changes in skin. You may develop extremely Dry, itchy skin: if you have advanced kidney disease. Thick, leathery skin called lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) firm, itchy bumps ( nodularis prurigo) can develop due to chronic scratching. Skin color may change due to build up of toxins and cause pale, yellowsih color. Nails also show changes in advanced kidney disease like half and half nails ( upper half white, lower half normal to reddish brown) white bands ( Muehrcke's nails) and pale nails. In end stage renal disease rashes, blisters, swelling, calcium deposits around joints may appear as body is unbale to remove the waste.
Blood and urine test can how well your kidneys are working. Chronic kidney disease can result form diabetes and high blood pressure. By simple blood tests you doctor can detect kidney disease before permanent damage occurs. Get yourself tested today if you have any warning signs. Treatment of dry skin is important. Some patients with advanced disease get relief with light treatment called UVB phototherapy.
Skin & Thyroid diseases
Thyroid is a butterfly shaped gland in your neck that produces hormones which play important role in various body functions like regulating your heartbeat. Many signs of thyroid disease develop in skin, hair and nail.
Skin can be dry, pale and cool or moist and warm. Rashes, swollen face, protruding eyes, flushing on you face. Palms and soles can be dry and with yellowish color. Hair thinning, brittle hair, itchy scalp, brittle nails, curved nails with swollen fingertips are often signs of untreated thyroid disease. Patients with thyroid disease are at high risk of getting vitilio, hives, alopecia areata.
Nails Disorders
Fingernail or toenail abnormalities can tell you a lot about your health. They’re often a sign of a fungal nail infection or injury, but can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying condition
1) Fungal Infections
Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis) is common in a warm, moist place. Having wet nails for a long time can also lead to nail fungus. Some people develop it when they wear the same pair of sweaty shoes every day. Fingernails that are wet for long hours can also be affected.Nails may develop white spots or turn yellow,brown or green and may have debris under the nail plate.
Treatment is important as it can prevent the infection from causing more damage to your nails. Early diagnosis and treatment are recommended for everyone who has nail fungus. Diagnosis is confirmed by a nail fungal culture.With early treatment it is likely you’ll regrow a healthy nail.Treatment can also prevent the fungus from spreading to other parts of your body and to other people.Diabetics are more prone to get nail fungal infections.
2) Paronychia
Paronychia is an infection that causes redness and swelling around the edges of a nail bed.There are two types of paronychia: acute and chronic. Acute paronychia occurs when there is an infection due to direct or indirect trauma to the cuticle or nail fold. Chronic paronychia is often the result of allergens or irritants.Acute paronychia may presents with swelling,pain,redness,yellow pus whereas chronic paronychia often starts on one nail and spreads to others.
Treatments vary based on the cause of the paronychia. Acute cases are managed with warm compresses,topical antibiotics,corticosteroids,oral antibiotics,surgical incision and drainage, in severe treat the underlying cause of the inflammation. This can include cases.Chronic paronychia is managed by avoiding allergens and irritants. Treatment can take several weeks to months.
3) Ingrown Nails
An ingrown toenail can cause pain and swelling, and in some cases, they can become infected. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, genetics may play a role in the development of ingrown toenails. Also, there are other potential causes, like not keeping nails trimmed, wearing tight socks or shoes causing physical injury. It may presents as swelling, tenderness, redness, soreness and pus. Treatments may include surgery, soaking the nail in warm water 3 to 4 times each day, wearing comfortable shoes, keeping the foot dry, taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain.
4) Nails and other diseases
Psoriasis, eczema, alopecia areata are some skin conditions which involve nails. Many internal diseases and nutritional deficiencies could also result in nail changes.
